The Spectrum of Autism: Why One Diagnosis Doesn't Fit All
When people hear the word autism, it’s often associated with a specific set of traits. But in reality, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is just that—a spectrum, encompassing a broad range of differences in how individuals experience the world.
Natalie Buerger, PhD, a licensed psychologist and Clinical Director of the Autism Spectrum Disorder Clinic at Huntsman Mental Health Institute (HMHI) at the University of Utah, describes autism as a neurodevelopmental condition that primarily impacts areas related to social communication.
“No two autistic individuals experience life in the same way,” she says.
Alongside these core characteristics, people with autism may experience what physicians call “restricted and repetitive behaviors,” which can include:
- Intense interests
- Sensory processing differences
- Difficulty with flexibility and adapting to change
- Various repetitive behaviors
But that definition only scratches the surface.
A Wide and Varied Spectrum
“One size doesn’t fit all,” Buerger explains. “Even within the core criteria, such as communication or social interaction, the range of experience is vast.”
Some individuals might not use verbal language, while others are highly verbal but may struggle with social nuance, like reading facial expressions or understanding tone. Some may seek out social interactions eagerly, while others might prefer solitude or structured routines.
The same is true for behaviors related to the sensory world.
“For some, loud noises or certain textures may be overwhelming,” Buerger explains. “For others, sensory input may actually be something they seek out.”
Understanding Diagnostic Levels
Autism can be referred to in terms of “levels” (Level 1, 2, or 3), which can be confusing. These don’t indicate severity in the way many people assume.
“Level 3 doesn’t mean someone has ''severe' autism,” Buerger clarifies. “It simply refers to the amount of support someone may need to navigate daily life.”
A person diagnosed with Level 1 autism may function independently with minimal support, while someone at Level 3 might need more consistent help in areas like communication or adapting to change.
Shifting Perspectives: It’s Not About “Fixing” Autism
One of the biggest shifts Buerger hopes to see is a move away from viewing autism as a problem to be fixed and instead toward understanding and acceptance.
“Autism is a naturally occurring condition,” she says. “It’s not a disease that requires a cure. It’s more productive—and compassionate—to ask, ‘How can we better support the autistic person in this environment?’ rather than expecting them to conform to a neurotypical world.”
That doesn’t mean autistic people don’t work on skills or strategies. Like anyone else, they grow, adapt, and learn to navigate life. But the responsibility to change should not fall solely on them.
Neurodiversity Awareness
Awareness of neurodiversity—the idea that there’s a natural variation in the way people’s brains work—is growing. Terms like “autistic,” “neurotypical,” and “neurodivergent” are becoming more common. But while progress has been made, Buerger notes that there’s still a long way to go.
“There’s more research, more visibility, and more advocacy,” she says, “but also a need for greater accessibility and acceptance. We’re on the right path, but we’re not there yet.”
She stresses the importance of remembering that autism isn’t a one-word answer.“It’s not a blanket label. Each person with autism is unique. Their needs, strengths, and experiences are just as individual as anyone else’s.”
Autism doesn’t erase a person’s identity or potential. It just means their brain works differently—and that difference deserves to be understood, supported, and respected.
“An autism diagnosis should never be a reason to give up on dreams,” Buerger says. “It may just change the road map.”
